![]() No part may be reproduced in any form without the Published in the May-June-2019 issue of Analog Science Fiction &Īnd is copyrighted ©2019 by John G. Spectroscopy, muon-hydrogen spectroscopy, electron scattering, Keywords: proton radius, electron-hydrogen Opus 200: How Big is the Proton? by John G. Demonstration of the hadron mass origin from the QCD trace anomaly. QCD analysis of the mass structure of the nucleon. Vector meson photoproduction with a linearly polarized beam. Lepton universality test in the photoproduction of e − e + versus μ − μ + pairs on a proton target. A multidimensional unfolding method based on Bayes’ theorem. ϒ photoproduction on the proton at the electron-ion collider. Empirical fit to inelastic electron-deuteron and electron-neutron resonance region transverse cross sections. J/ ψ photo-production and the gluon structure of the nucleon. ![]() ![]() The origin of proton mass from J/Ψ photo-production data. Gluon gravitational form factors of the nucleon and the pion from lattice QCD. Proton mass decomposition from the QCD energy momentum tensor. Complete flavor decomposition of the spin and momentum fraction of the proton using lattice QCD simulations at physical pion mass. New CTEQ global analysis of quantum chromodynamics with high-precision data from the LHC. Nucleon mass radii and distribution: holographic QCD, lattice QCD and GlueX data. First measurement of near-threshold J/ ψ exclusive photoproduction off the proton. The J/ψ-007 Experiment: A Search for the LHCb Charm Pentaquarks in Hall C at Jefferson Lab. Energy-momentum tensor in QCD: nucleon mass decomposition and mechanical equilibrium. Quantum anomalous energy effects on the nucleon mass. Proton mass decomposition: naturalness and interpretations. Perturbative QCD analysis of near threshold heavy quarkonium photoproduction at large momentum transfer. Mass structure of hadrons and light-front sum rules in the ’t Hooft model. J/ ψ near threshold in holographic QCD: A and D gravitational form factors. Near threshold J/ ψ and ϒ photoproduction at JLab and RHIC. Quark and gluon contributions to the QCD trace anomaly. Holographic J/ ψ production near threshold and the proton mass problem. Ab initio calculation of the neutron-proton mass difference. Ab initio determination of light hadron masses. Gluon gravitational structure of hadrons of different spin. Diffractive photoproduction of J/ ψ and ϒ using holographic QCD: gravitational form factors and GPD of gluons in the proton. QCD analysis of near-threshold photon-proton production of heavy quarkonium. Gravitational form factors and nucleon spin structure. Energy-momentum structure form factors of particles. A small proton charge radius from an electron–proton scattering experiment. Remarks on Higgs-boson interactions with nucleons. An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science (The National Academies Press, 2018). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This work paves the way for a deeper understanding of the salient role of gluons in providing gravitational mass to visible matter. In some, but not all cases, depending on the model, the determined radius agrees well with first-principle predictions from lattice quantum chromodynamics 12. We used a variety of models 9, 10, 11 and determined, in all cases, a mass radius that is notably smaller than the electric charge radius. ![]() We determined the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton 7, 8 from our measurement. Here we investigated the gravitational density of gluons using a small colour dipole, through the threshold photoproduction of the J/ ψ particle. Gluons are hard to access using electron scattering because they do not carry an electromagnetic charge. By contrast, little is known about the inner mass density of the proton, which is dominated by the energy carried by gluons. An example is the highly precise measurement of the electric charge radius of the proton 6. The electric charge and spin of protons, which are shared among the quarks, have been investigated previously using electron scattering 2. These properties emerge from the complex dynamics of its fundamental constituents-quarks and gluons-described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics 3, 4, 5. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass and spin 2. The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the Universe 1. Nature volume 615, pages 813–816 ( 2023) Cite this article Determining the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton
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